Exploring the COM-B Model: Facilitators and Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice in Community Pharmacy

Summary

Motivation

The integration of evidence-based practice (EBP) within community pharmacy is essential for enhancing patient care and improving health outcomes [1]. Despite the acknowledged benefits of EBP, a significant evidence-to-practice gap persists, particularly in community pharmacy settings. Existing literature highlights various barriers, including insufficient training, lack of resources, and limited support from healthcare systems [2-4]. Additionally, the application of implementation theories, such as the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), can provide valuable insights into the factors that facilitate or hinder EBP in practice [5]. This study seeks to address these challenges by examining the experiences and perceptions of community pharmacists regarding the implementation of EBP.

Underlying aim

The primary aim of this mixed-methods study is to explore the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of evidence-based practice among community pharmacists in Northern Ireland. By integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study will provide a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape of EBP in community pharmacy settings and identify strategies for enhancing practice change.

Specific research questions/Methodology

1. What are the perceived barriers and facilitators to implementing evidence-based practice among community pharmacists?
2. How do community pharmacists perceive their capabilities, opportunities, and motivations related to EBP?
3. How can the COM-B model and TDF be applied to understand the factors influencing evidence-based practice in community pharmacy?

Methodology

The study will employ a mixed-methods design comprising two phases:

1. Quantitative Phase: A survey will be distributed to community pharmacists across Northern Ireland to quantify their perceptions of EBP, using the COM-B model and TDF as frameworks. Statistical analyses, including frequency distributions, chi-square tests, and linear regression, will be conducted to explore relationships between identified constructs and the implementation of EBP.
2. Qualitative Phase: In-depth interviews and focus group discussions will be conducted with a purposively selected sample of community pharmacy leaders. These sessions will explore pharmacists’ experiences with EBP, their perceptions of barriers and facilitators, and suggestions for enhancing practice. Thematic analysis will be applied to identify key themes within the qualitative data.

Impact

The findings from this study will have significant implications for the UK Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2028, particularly in demonstrating the impact of research on healthcare practice and policy. By identifying the facilitators and barriers that community pharmacists face in implementing evidence-based practices, this research will provide actionable recommendations to enhance pharmacy practice, education, and policy. The insights gained will inform the development of targeted interventions and resources that support community pharmacists in adopting EBP, ultimately leading to improved patient care and health outcomes.

Moreover, aligning with the REF criteria, this study will contribute to knowledge exchange between academia and practice, fostering partnerships that drive innovation in healthcare delivery. The application of the COM-B model and TDF will further enhance the understanding of behaviour change, enabling the development of effective implementation strategies in the pharmacy context. This project has the potential to bridge the evidence-to-practice gap, strengthen the role of community pharmacists as integral members of the healthcare team, and advance the overall quality of care in the community, thereby aligning with the REF's focus on societal impact and research excellence.

Essential criteria

Applicants should hold, or expect to obtain, a First or Upper Second Class Honours Degree in a subject relevant to the proposed area of study.

We may also consider applications from those who hold equivalent qualifications, for example, a Lower Second Class Honours Degree plus a Master’s Degree with Distinction.

In exceptional circumstances, the University may consider a portfolio of evidence from applicants who have appropriate professional experience which is equivalent to the learning outcomes of an Honours degree in lieu of academic qualifications.

• Experience using research methods or other approaches relevant to the subject domain

Desirable Criteria

If the University receives a large number of applicants for the project, the following desirable criteria may be applied to shortlist applicants for interview.

• Practice-based research experience and/or dissemination
• Experience using research methods or other approaches relevant to the subject domain
• Publications record appropriate to career stage
• Experience of presentation of research findings

Equal Opportunities

The University is an equal opportunities employer and welcomes applicants from all sections of the community, particularly from those with disabilities.

Appointment will be made on merit.

Funding and eligibility