Architecture - MArch

2025/26 Full-time Undergraduate course

Award:

Master of Architecture

Faculty:

Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment

School:

Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment

Campus:

Belfast campus

Start date:

September 2025

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

We are passionate about sharing with our students the vital role they each have now and as future professionals in promoting a sustainable future for all. We believe that sustainability is not the domain of one discipline or profession. It is the responsibility of all disciplines, professions, organisations and individuals.

That is why on each of our courses within the Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment you will learn about the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the contribution you can make now, and as a graduate in the Built Environment.

Read the course details below to find out more.

With this degree you could become:

  • Part 2 graduate architect
  • Architectural Assistant
  • Urban Designer
  • Planning Administrator
  • Sustainability Administrator
  • Conservation Administrator
  • Research and Development Officer

Graduates from this course are now working for:

  • Office for Metropolitan Architecture
  • Grimshaw Architects
  • Hall
  • Black and Douglas
  • Todd Architects
  • White Ink Architects
  • FaulknerBrowns Architects
  • Office of Public Works

Overview

Architecture: The Best of Both Worlds - where science meets art.

Summary

The Master in Architecture is delivered as an inter-linked series of studio projects and related studies that lead you towards your final year design thesis. The projects run on a Vertical Studio structure across two semesters also known as the SuperStudio. The Vertical Studio approach is one in which all students are taught together across all year groups in distinctly themed Studios. The resulting cross-cohort model replicates the dynamics, opportunities and challenges inherent in an architectural practice.

The MArch explores architecture that responds to the complex and changing context of architecture and urbanism and the transformations taking place in current society.

The course team of academics, historians, practitioners, advisors, artists and researchers are committed to understanding and documenting our existing built heritage while proposing imaginative and alternative futures in both the urban and rural context that are socially and ecologically responsible.

An important part of this is to address the wider issues facing the profession and in providing a forum to investigate, challenge preconceptions, explore and fully engage the role of the architect in society.

We’d love to hear from you!

We know that choosing to study at university is a big decision, and you may not always be able to find the information you need online.

Please contact Ulster University with any queries or questions you might have about:

  • Course specific information
  • Fees and Finance
  • Admissions

For any queries regarding getting help with your application, please select Admissions in the drop down below.

For queries related to course content, including modules and placements, please select Course specific information.

We look forward to hearing from you.

About this course

About

A CONTINUOUS JOURNEY

All the project work in the studio, and all the complementary academic work -such as the dissertation- are central to the holistic and integrated approach of the MArch. Students will be expected to relate and connect what they do across the different aspects of the course, which satisfies not only the Learning Outcomes and ARB/RIBA criteria, but which comes together in your own unique academic portfolio to showcase your ideas, knowledge and skills.

Year 1 of the MArch explores wider issues of architecture and how architectural thinking can be applied to a range of societal contexts. This is to widen the students perceptions, broaden debate and to consider issues at a wider scale than just individual buildings.

The overall intention of Year 1 is to progress from discussing wider global architectural issues to then progressively focus on a very particular context where you can explore different interpretations of what architecture means, before developing individual proposals based on rigorous investigation and research. The student will be required to compile their research and to share insights in a collaborative way.

Year 1 students will build on this exercise by undertaking an international study-trip to further inform your understanding of current issues and the relationship between project ideas and the urban/social context of the city in question. MArch students have previously investigated cities such as Boston, Berlin, Paris, Venice and Barcelona.

Year 2 of the MArch begins by exploring architectural ideas in a more oblique way than just starting a design thesis with a site and brief. These explorations will allow the student to cultivate potential ideas and research for their thesis project in a less linear way and which aims to enable them to position themselves relative to the wider culture and debates at an advanced level in the discipline of architecture.

These initial ‘conversations’ begin to open up debates and to focus on the value of individual positions, perceptions and narratives that are communicated through research-led making and drawing. Students are encouraged to experience a range of possibilities beyond the preconceptions of typical approaches to site analysis within the vertical studios.

After a series of initial projects, students move into the major work of the year – the thesis project. Thesis design documents are given out to act as a guide to enable the student to identify firstly what your project will be and to structure the shifting emphasis of the year from initial concepts and research through to a fully developed building design that is technically and poetically resolved.

The final year design thesis projects are all deliberately located in Belfast, to engage the city the School is rooted in. This allows a unique type of engagement with current issues and the changing urban nature of Belfast. This ‘city conversation’ is encouraged to highlight social needs, and urban aspirations in a city with such historically divided communities and social tensions. Projects can work in adjacent locations to build up an urban dialogue and aim to understand the different aspects and locations of the city. At the end of the year the projects are placed collectively on a city construct that show how they engage the overall city.

In combination with and alongside the vertical studio the Dissertation offers the student the opportunity to explore through personal research a specific theme, question or interest. This may relate (where possible) to the student's design thesis so as to allow consolidation of enquiry and effort and critical mass of exploration, but they can also make this an independent study if desired.

Students have the option to select a combination of text with another media output -such as objects, drawings, film, etc- as an alternative to the 10 000 word submission. This allows a material/media exploration that is possible within the Art School context.

Attendance

The Master of Architecture is a full-time course based at the Belfast School of Architecture which is located on the Ulster University Belfast campus. You are normally expected to be in attendance Monday - Friday.

A typical week on the MArch includes time in the design studio and in tutorials, seminars and lectures.

Start dates

  • September 2025

Teaching, Learning and Assessment

The Master of Architecture programme uses a full range of teaching and learning scenarios. There are two main learning activities: Taught Study and Self-Directed Study

Taught studies include such activities as reviews (reviews of work, sometimes known in architecture as crits/critiques), tutorials (individual and group), seminars (staff and student led), workshops and demonstrations.

Self-directed study is carried out within the module timetable but without time-tabled staff contact. You are expected to carry out such activities as ideas development, research, designing, drawing, reading, writing etc.

It is central to the pedagogy of architectural education at Ulster that each student has dedicated studio space.

Group Reviews (crits / critiques):Reviews are held within design studio modules and are used to review work to-date. Students and staff discuss the work and ideas in a constructive and critical way. This interaction aims to improve communication skills and helps to develop critical reflection and the application of judgement to students’ work and that of their peers. It also allows students to check the progress within the module.

Tutorials (individual and group):Tutorials take place during studio projects. The teaching methods encourage you to adopt a knowledge seeking attitude, to build up confidence in your own ability to learn and to make reasoned judgments based on available evidence. In a number of modules the cascade model of Peer Tutoring is used whereby the more able members of the class assist those of lower ability levels. Students may be less inhibited in discussing difficulties with their peers than with their teaching staff. Tutorial sessions aim to check your achievement and progress. You are asked to prepare questions and issues related to your work before the tutorial and note down any suggestions made by the tutor(s) or your peers. Students can expect different options and viewpoints if two or more tutors are involved and particularly if it is a group tutorial with other students. The discussion should help you highlight your strengths and weaknesses so you can plan future action for improvement. The breadth of opinion will also help you to confirm and form your own personal direction as designers.

Seminars (staff and student-led):Seminars are a structured discussion between a group of students and a member of staff. The seminar is usually based upon a topic that has been previously prepared and circulated. The discussion can be staff or student-led and can be an assessable component of a module (self and/or peer assessment may be used). You are asked to prepare some questions or issues you wish to be considered by the other participants before the seminar takes place. You can also expect to prepare presentations for a seminar.

Lectures:Lectures are normally occasions where a member of staff or invited guest will speak on a particular subject to groups of students. A lecture is a means of communicating information. It helps in the understanding of concepts, theories and techniques. A lecture in the MArch is not a primary information source but an opportunity to show how arguments and explanations work, how to apply techniques and to hear the language of the subject. The use of aids, such as video presentations and computer data projection may be used to augment these presentation techniques. Presentations from guest lecturers, particularly from practicing professionals will enhance the student learning experience. Lecturers’ handouts may provide supporting materials that can be typically downloaded via the University’s web server or network.

Workshops and Laboratory Work:Workshops are typically organized for a max of 20 students. They are designed not only to disseminate information on a process or skill, but also to give you an opportunity to practice or further develop that process/skill. The use of laboratory work will be aimed at developing a sense of enquiry in students, a comprehension of the diverse nature of the construction and property industries and a spirit of achievement and originality. Laboratory work will support lecture content, emphasise safe working practices, investigative techniques and interpretation of results. Experimental work will relate more to practice and problem solving. In addition the laboratory-based environment is more supportive of group work and peer learning strategies, which are seen as valuable adjuncts to the teaching process.

Attendance and Independent Study

The content for each course is summarised on the relevant course page, along with an overview of the modules that make up the course.

Each course is approved by the University and meets the expectations of:

  • Attendance and Independent Study

    As part of your course induction, you will be provided with details of the organisation and management of the course, including attendance and assessment requirements - usually in the form of a timetable. For full-time courses, the precise timetable for each semester is not confirmed until close to the start date and may be subject to some change in the early weeks as all courses settle into their planned patterns. For part-time courses which require attendance on particular days and times, an expectation of the days and periods of attendance will be included in the letter of offer. A course handbook is also made available.

    Courses comprise modules for which the notional effort involved is indicated by its credit rating. Each credit point represents 10 hours of student effort. Undergraduate courses typically contain 10, 20, or 40 credit modules (more usually 20) and postgraduate courses typically 15 or 30 credit modules.

    The normal study load expectation for an undergraduate full-time course of study in the standard academic year is 120 credit points. This amounts to around 36-42 hours of expected teaching and learning per week, inclusive of attendance requirements for lectures, seminars, tutorials, practical work, fieldwork or other scheduled classes, private study, and assessment. Teaching and learning activities will be in-person and/or online depending on the nature of the course. Part-time study load is the same as full-time pro-rata, with each credit point representing 10 hours of student effort.

    Postgraduate Master’s courses typically comprise 180 credits, taken in three semesters when studied full-time. A Postgraduate Certificate (PGCert) comprises 60 credits and can usually be completed on a part-time basis in one year. A 120-credit Postgraduate Diploma (PGDip) can usually be completed on a part-time basis in two years.

    Class contact times vary by course and type of module. Typically, for a module predominantly delivered through lectures you can expect at least 3 contact hours per week (lectures/seminars/tutorials). Laboratory classes often require a greater intensity of attendance in blocks. Some modules may combine lecture and laboratory. The precise model will depend on the course you apply for and may be subject to change from year to year for quality or enhancement reasons. Prospective students will be consulted about any significant changes.

  • Assessment

    Assessment methods vary and are defined explicitly in each module. Assessment can be a combination of examination and coursework but may also be only one of these methods. Assessment is designed to assess your achievement of the module’s stated learning outcomes.  You can expect to receive timely feedback on all coursework assessments. This feedback may be issued individually and/or issued to the group and you will be encouraged to act on this feedback for your own development.

    Coursework can take many forms, for example: essay, report, seminar paper, test, presentation, dissertation, design, artefacts, portfolio, journal, group work. The precise form and combination of assessment will depend on the course you apply for and the module. Details will be made available in advance through induction, the course handbook, the module specification, the assessment timetable and the assessment brief. The details are subject to change from year to year for quality or enhancement reasons. You will be consulted about any significant changes.

    Normally, a module will have 4 learning outcomes, and no more than 2 items of assessment. An item of assessment can comprise more than one task. The notional workload and the equivalence across types of assessment is standardised. The module pass mark for undergraduate courses is 40%. The module pass mark for postgraduate courses is 50%.

  • Calculation of the Final Award

    The class of Honours awarded in Bachelor’s degrees is usually determined by calculation of an aggregate mark based on performance across the modules at Levels 5 and 6, (which correspond to the second and third year of full-time attendance).

    Level 6 modules contribute 70% of the aggregate mark and Level 5 contributes 30% to the calculation of the class of the award. Classification of integrated Master’s degrees with Honours include a Level 7 component. The calculation in this case is: 50% Level 7, 30% Level 6, 20% Level 5. At least half the Level 5 modules must be studied at the University for Level 5 to be included in the calculation of the class.

    All other qualifications have an overall grade determined by results in modules from the final level of study.

    In Masters degrees of more than 200 credit points the final 120 points usually determine the overall grading.

    Figures from the academic year 2022-2023.

Academic profile

The University employs over 1,000 suitably qualified and experienced academic staff - 59% have PhDs in their subject field and many have professional body recognition.

Courses are taught by staff who are Professors (25%), Readers, Senior Lecturers (18%) or Lecturers (57%).

We require most academic staff to be qualified to teach in higher education: 82% hold either Postgraduate Certificates in Higher Education Practice or higher. Most academic staff (81%) are accredited fellows of the Higher Education Academy (HEA) - the university sector professional body for teaching and learning.

Many academic and technical staff hold other professional body designations related to their subject or scholarly practice.

The University employs over 1,000 suitably qualified and experienced academic staff - 60% have PhDs in their subject field and many have professional body recognition.

Courses are taught by staff who are Professors (19%), Readers, Senior Lecturers (22%) or Lecturers (57%).

We require most academic staff to be qualified to teach in higher education: 82% hold either Postgraduate Certificates in Higher Education Practice or higher. Most academic and learning support staff (85%) are recognised as fellows of the Higher Education Academy (HEA) by Advance HE - the university sector professional body for teaching and learning. Many academic and technical staff hold other professional body designations related to their subject or scholarly practice.

The profiles of many academic staff can be found on the University’s departmental websites and give a detailed insight into the range of staffing and expertise.  The precise staffing for a course will depend on the department(s) involved and the availability and management of staff.  This is subject to change annually and is confirmed in the timetable issued at the start of the course.

Occasionally, teaching may be supplemented by suitably qualified part-time staff (usually qualified researchers) and specialist guest lecturers. In these cases, all staff are inducted, mostly through our staff development programme ‘First Steps to Teaching’. In some cases, usually for provision in one of our out-centres, Recognised University Teachers are involved, supported by the University in suitable professional development for teaching.

Figures from the academic year 2022-2023.

Belfast campus

Accommodation

High quality apartment living in Belfast city centre adjacent to the university campus.

Find out more - information about accommodation (Opens in a new window)  


Student Wellbeing

At Student Wellbeing we provide many services to help students through their time at Ulster University.

Find out more - information about student wellbeing (Opens in a new window)  

Modules

Here is a guide to the subjects studied on this course.

Courses are continually reviewed to take advantage of new teaching approaches and developments in research, industry and the professions. Please be aware that modules may change for your year of entry. The exact modules available and their order may vary depending on course updates, staff availability, timetabling and student demand. Please contact the course team for the most up to date module list.

Year one

Ideas Lab

Year: 1

The Module introduces architecture students to a diverse and inclusive range of debates currently preoccupying architecture and urban design. It enables students to situate themselves within these debates, adopt a theoretical perspective, define their own area of interest.

The module thereby enables the student to set out and clarify their own particular area of research interest and allows for the theme and structure for their ARC701 Dissertation and ARC700 Thesis Design projects to emerge and for them to be critically supported.

MArch Design 1

Year: 1

This module is designed to equip students with the necessary skills and abilities in research and be critically reflective in positioning themselves for the undertaking of the design thesis in Year 2 and to foster a deeper architectural discourse for those returning from Part I experience. Students will undertake a series of exploratory investigations through which they will research, develop, test and articulate their own emerging architectural positions.

Buildings Climate Agency

Year: 1

Together industry and buildings are typically responsible for up to 50% of a country's energy use. Energy efficiency is one of the main strategies which should be considered when attempting to preserve existing energy resources and reducing environmental impact for future generations.

In this module the knowledge of structural systems and choices for building, the understanding of material quality, assessment of design risk, fire safety and the technical details of sustainable environmental design, energy conservation and post-project evaluation of building performance is framed by a sustainability agenda within an overall approach to architectural tectonics as the proper work of architecture.

Professional Practice Management

Year: 1

This module is designed to facilitate the student in developing their understanding of the business of architectural practice and their role as architects within the wider construction industry. It is a precursor to professional practice and the development of knowledge towards the Part 3 - Examination of Professional Practice in Architecture.

Year two

Thesis Design Studio

Year: 2

This module will demonstrate the ability to self define a design thesis research question and proposal of suitable complexity and originality, and which is informed by the application of advanced subject knowledge.

Outputs will be evidenced through the Academic Portfolio and the ability to carry out relevant independent research, a thesis report, explore alternative design strategies, critically appraise and reflect on working methods and practices, and communicate these ideas using a comprehensive range of visual, oral and written media.

Dissertation

Year: 2

This module culminates in the achievement of the written Dissertation.

In this module the student will demonstrate a critical understanding of how a new contribution to knowledge is made through research.

The dissertation will reflect the student's own particular theoretical interest in architecture or related subject areas and will be original, rigorously developed and clearly argued and presented.

Project Leadership for Architects

Year: 2

This module is designed for architecture students to gain an understanding of key leadership tools and skills in order to develop their leadership capabilities to deliver construction projects and practice/business objectives.

Standard entry conditions

We recognise a range of qualifications for admission to our courses. In addition to the specific entry conditions for this course you must also meet the University’s General Entrance Requirements.

A level

Applicants must have an undergraduate architecture degree giving exemption from the RIBA/ARB Part 1.

Applicants must hold a degree with at least 2:2 honours or equivalent.

Applicants should demonstrate a critical awareness of the profession and the discipline of architecture. Such is typically demonstrated (but not exclusively) through experience in architectural practice in accordance with RIBA/ARB regulations for practical training.

Applicants will be asked to submit an architectural design portfolio to support their application and may be invited for interview.

English Language Requirements

English language requirements for international applicants
The minimum requirement for this course is Academic IELTS 6.0 with no band score less than 5.5. Trinity ISE: Pass at level III also meets this requirement for Tier 4 visa purposes.

Ulster recognises a number of other English language tests and comparable IELTS equivalent scores.

Additional Entry Requirements

International applicants should note that if they wish to undertake Part 3 (to lead to ARB registration as an architect and as an RIBA chartered architect) they must be successful in an application to ARB for their first architecture degree to be assessed by ARB as satisfying Part 1.

Careers & opportunities

Graduate employers

Graduates from this course are now working for:

  • Office for Metropolitan Architecture
  • Grimshaw Architects
  • Hall
  • Black and Douglas
  • Todd Architects
  • White Ink Architects
  • FaulknerBrowns Architects
  • Office of Public Works

Job roles

With this degree you could become:

  • Part 2 graduate architect
  • Architectural Assistant
  • Urban Designer
  • Planning Administrator
  • Sustainability Administrator
  • Conservation Administrator
  • Research and Development Officer

Career options

MArch graduates from Ulster University are working in many different practices both nationally and internationally on a range of exciting building and urban projects.

The knowledge gained during this professional degree (i.e. RIBA Part II) will not only support a wide range of employment opportunities in architecture practices, urban design bodies, architecture conservation organisations, and many governmental and private relevant institutions but also facilitate the route to a PhD level research.

Professional recognition

Architects Registration Board (ARB)

Accredited by the Architects Registration Board (ARB) for the purpose of a Part 2 qualification.

Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)

Validated by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) at Part 2 level for the purpose of eligibility for membership of the RIBA.

Apply

Start dates

  • September 2025

Fees and funding

2025/26 Fees

Undergraduate fees are subject to annual review, 2025/26 fees will be announced in due course.

See our tuition fees page for the current fees for 2024/25 entry.

Scholarships, awards and prizes

There are several awards and prizes associated with the Masters in Architecture course:

  • ARD Mackel Prize

  • White Ink ‘Smart Thinking Award’

  • Specialist Joinery Awards

  • Deans List

  • RSUA President’s Medal Awards

Additional mandatory costs

There will be additional costs associated with the course including purchase of drawing and modeling materials and associated equipment.

Each year in Semester 1 there is a School study trip to a destination outside of the UK and Ireland. Biennially this is a visit to the Venice Biennale with alternate years including cities such as Paris and Bilbao. The trip is self-funded by the student. Whilst it is not mandatory for students to attend it is encouraged as part of their wider educational experience.

It is important to remember that costs associated with accommodation, travel (including car parking charges) and normal living will need to be covered in addition to tuition fees.

Where a course has additional mandatory expenses (in addition to tuition fees) we make every effort to highlight them above. We aim to provide students with the learning materials needed to support their studies. Our libraries are a valuable resource with an extensive collection of books and journals, as well as first-class facilities and IT equipment. Computer suites and free Wi-Fi are also available on each of the campuses.

There are additional fees for graduation ceremonies, examination resits and library fines.

Students choosing a period of paid work placement or study abroad as a part of their course should be aware that there may be additional travel and living costs, as well as tuition fees.

See the tuition fees on our student guide for most up to date costs.

Contact

We’d love to hear from you!

We know that choosing to study at university is a big decision, and you may not always be able to find the information you need online.

Please contact Ulster University with any queries or questions you might have about:

  • Course specific information
  • Fees and Finance
  • Admissions

For any queries regarding getting help with your application, please select Admissions in the drop down below.

For queries related to course content, including modules and placements, please select Course specific information.

We look forward to hearing from you.


For more information visit

Disclaimer

  1. We prepare our prospectus and online information about our courses with care and every effort is made to ensure that the information is accurate. The printed version of the prospectus is, however, published at least a year before the courses begin. Information included in the prospectus may, therefore, change. This includes, but is not limited to changes to the terms, content, delivery, location, method of assessments or lengths of the courses described. Not all circumstances are foreseeable, but changes will normally be made for one of the following reasons: 
    • to meet external, professional, or accredited body requirements;
    • to provide for exceptional circumstances due to reasons beyond our reasonable control;
    • to improve or enhance your experience, or to adopt changes recommended in student feedback, with the aim of improving the student experience and or student outcomes; and/or
    • to ensure appropriate academic standards are met, for example in response to external examiners feedback.
  1. If there are insufficient enrolments to make a course viable, it may be necessary for the University to withdraw a course. If you have received an offer for a course that we subsequently have to close, we will contact you as soon as possible to discuss alternative courses. If you do not wish to study any alternative courses at the University, you may withdraw your application by informing us by email to admissions@ulster.ac.uk.
  1. Please note that the University’s website is the most up-to-date source of information regarding courses, campuses and facilities and we strongly recommend that you always visit the website before making any commitments.
  1. We will include a durable PDF when we send you an offer letter which will highlight any changes made to our prospectus or online information about our courses. You should read this carefully and ensure you fully understand what you are agreeing to before accepting a place on one of our courses.
  1. The University will always try to deliver the course as described in the durable PDF you receive with your offer letter.
  1. At any point after an offer has been made, students will be notified of any course changes in writing (usually by email) as soon as reasonably practicable and we will take all reasonable steps to minimise their impact where possible.  The University will, where possible and reasonably practicable, seek the express consent of the student in regard to any changes concerning material or pre-contract information.
  1. The University website will be updated to reflect the changed course information as soon as reasonably practicable.
  1. If, after due consideration, you decide that you no longer want to study your course or to study at the University, because of the changes, you may withdraw your application or terminate your contract with the University. In order to do so, you should notify us in writing by emailing admissions@ulster.ac.uk (and update UCAS if applicable). We will, on request, recommend alternative courses that you could study with us, or suggest a suitable course at an alternative higher education provider.
  1. If you do not agree that the changes are fair, you can seek redress under the Student Complaints Procedures.
  1. Providing the University has complied with the requirements of all applicable consumer protection laws, the University does not accept responsibility for the consequences of any modification, relocation or cancellation of any course, or part of a course, offered by the University. The University will give due and proper consideration to the effects thereof on individual students and taken the steps necessary to minimise the impact of such effects on those affected.
  1. The University is not liable for disruption to its provision of educational or other services caused by circumstances beyond its reasonable control providing it takes all reasonable steps to minimise the resultant disruption to such services.
  1. Further information can be found in our terms and conditions.

Testimonials

"My time as a MArch student at Ulster was a challenging and worthwhile experience. Through it I developed ideas, met great people and made fond memories on my architectural journey."

Kevin McPeake (MArch Graduate 2019)

Sustainability at Ulster

Ulster continues to develop and support sustainability initiatives with our staff, students, and external partners across various aspects of teaching, research, professional services operations, and governance.

At Ulster every person, course, research project, and professional service area on every campus either does or can contribute in some way towards the global sustainability and climate change agenda.

We are guided by both our University Strategy People, Place and Partnerships: Delivering Sustainable Futures for All and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Our work in this area is already being recognised globally.  Most recently by the 2024 Times Higher Education Impact rating where we were recognised as Joint 5th Globally for Outreach Activities and Joint Top 20 Globally for Sustainable Development Goal 17:  Partnership for the Goals.

Visit our Sustainability at Ulster destination to learn more about how the University strategy and the activities of Ulster University support each of the Sustainable Development Goals.