Middle Welsh Yn in Verbal Noun Phrases


Ricarda Scherschel
Philipps-Universität Marburg

Abstract

This paper explores constructions using yn + verbal noun (VN) which have so far been described as instances of `sub-predicates' or present participles (e.g. Evans 1964, MacCana 1999), or adjuncts (Borsley et al. 2007). Complementative constructions, e.g. the caffael-passive or aspectual constructions with bod are not considered here, except the complementation of perception verbs. The constructions addressed in this paper are forms of epitaxis following MacCana 1999, complements of verbs of perception, subpredicates or depictives, relative/attributive and appositive relations. The data for the analysis is taken from the Brut y Brenhinedd in the Llyfr Coch Hergest. The aim is to find syntactic and co(n)textual parameters with which one can distinguish the different constructions, and to show the limitations of a functional approach. I will discuss both expected and unproblematic examples and unexpected, interesting cases.

Studia Celto-Slavica 10: 111–136 (2019)

https://doi.org/10.54586/AQYC7292

Download PDF

References

  • References

    Anwyl, E., 1899, A Welsh Grammar for Schools. 2: Syntax, London/New York.

    van der Auwera, J., & Malchukov, A., 2005, ‘A Semantic Map for Depictive Adjectivals’, in: Himmelmann, N. & Schultze-Berndt, E. F., eds., Secondary Predication and Adverbial Modification. The Typology of Depictives, Oxford/New York, 393–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272266.003.0013

    Behaghel, O., 1909, ‘Beziehungen zwischen Umfang und Reihenfolge von Satzgliedern’, Indogermanische Forschungen 25, 110–42.

    Behaghel, O., 1932, Deutsche Syntax: eine geschichtliche Darstellung. Vol. 4. Wortstellung und Periodenbau. Heidelberg.

    Bisang, W., 2009, ‘On the Evolution of Complexity: Sometimes Less Is More in East and Mainland Southeast Asia’, in: Sampson, G., Gil, D. & Trudgill, P., eds., Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable, Oxford, 34–49.

    Bisang, W., 2014, ‘Overt and Hidden Complexity — Two Types of Complexity and their Implications’, Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 50.2, 127–43. https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2014-0009

    Bisang, W., 2015, ‘Hidden Complexity — The Neglected Side of Complexity and Its Implications’, Linguistic Vanguard 1.1, 177–87. https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2014-1014

    Borsley, R. D., Tallerman, M., & Willis, D., eds., 2007, The Syntax of Welsh, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486227

    Cristofaro, S., 2003, Subordination, Oxford.

    Evans, D. S., 1964, A Grammar of Middle Welsh, Dublin.

    Evans, D. S., 1988, The Welsh Life of St David, Cardiff.

    Fabricius-Hansen, C., & Haug, D., 2012, ‘Introduction’, in: Fabricius-Hansen, C., & Haug, D., eds., Big Events, Small Clauses. The Grammar of Elaboration. Berlin/Boston, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110285864.1

    Falileyev, A., 1994, ‘Notes on the Syntax of Middle Welsh Verbal Noun: Combinations with Aspect Markers’, ZcP 46, 203–12. https://doi.org/10.1515/zcph.1994.46.1.203

    Gagnepain, J., 1963, La syntaxe du nom verbal dans les langues celtiques. Irlandais, Paris.

    Goetinck, G. W., 1976, Historia Peredur vab Efrawc, Cardiff.

    Himmelmann, N. & Schultze-Berndt, E. F., 2005, ‘Issues in the Syntax and Semantics of Participant-oriented Adjuncts’, in: Himmelmann, N. & Schultze-Berndt, E. F., eds., Secondary Predication and Adverbial Modification. The Typology of Depictives, Oxford/New York, 1–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272266.003.0001

    Huws, D., 2002, Medieval Welsh Manuscripts, Aberystwyth.

    König, E. & van der Auwera, J., 1990, ‘Adverbial Participles, Gerunds and Absolute Constructions in the Languages of Europe’, in: Bechert, J., Bernini, G., & Buridant, C., eds., Towards a Typology of European Languages, Berlin/New York, 337–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110863178.337

    Lambert, P.-Y., 1978, ‘Emplois dissymétriques de la coordination II. Problèmes soulevés par la prép. galloise , ag « avec »’, Études Celtiques 15.2, 523–31. https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1977.1595

    Lambrecht, K., 1994, Information Structure and Sentence Form. Topic, Focus, and the Mental Representations of Discourse Referents, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620607

    Lehmann, Ch., 1988, ‘Towards a Typology of Clause Linkage’, in: Haimann, J., & Thompson, S., eds., Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 181–225. https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.18.09leh

    Lewis, H., 1975, Brut Dingestow, Cardiff.

    Lloyd-Morgan, C., 2018, ‘Un manuscrit illustré de Brut y Brenhinedd. Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, Peniarth 23C’, in: Tétrel, H., & Veysseyre, G., eds., L’“Historia regum Britannie” et les “Bruts” en Europe, Tome II. Production, circulation et réception (XIIe–XVIe siècle), Paris, 429–48.

    Lloyd-Morgan, C. & Roberts, B. F., 2018, ‘Annexe. Répertoire de manuscrits de Brut y Brenhinedd’, in: Tétrel, H., & Veysseyre, G., eds., L’“Historia regum Britannie” et les “Bruts” en Europe, Tome II. Production, circulation et réception (XIIe–XVIe siècle), Paris, 493–9.

    Luft, D., Thomas, P. W. & Smith, D. M., 2013, Brut y Brenhinedd. (available at http://www.rhyddiaithganoloesol.caerdydd.ac.uk/en/ms-page.php?ms=Jesus111&page=8v, last accessed 05.04.2019).

    Mac Cana, P., 1997, ‘Notes on Periphrasis with Verbal Noun and Verb ‘to do’ in Middle Welsh’, in: MacMathúna, S. & Ó Corráin, A., eds., Miscellanea Celtica in Memoriam Heinrich Wagner. Uppsala, 183–96.

    Mac Cana, P., 1999, ‘Syntax and Style in Middle Welsh Prose: Notes on Periphrasis and Epitaxis’, Celtica 23, 157–68.

    Mezger, F., 1931, ‘yn + Verbalnomen in den Zweigen des Mabinogi’, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen 58.3/4, 238–47.

    Mittendorf, I. & Poppe, E., 2000, ‘Celtic Contacts of the English Progressive?’, in: Tristram, H.L.C., ed., The Celtic Englishes II, Heidelberg, 117–45.

    Morris-Jones, J., 1955, A Welsh Grammar. Historical and Comparative, Oxford (reprint from 1913).

    Noonan, M., 1985, ‘Complementation’, in: Shopen, T., ed., Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Vol. 2: Complex Constructions, Cambridge (1st ed.), 42–140.

    Reeve, M. D., ed., 2007, Geoffrey of Monmouth. The History of the Kings of Britain. Woodbridge.

    Richards, M. 1938, Cystrawen y frawddeg Gymraeg. Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

    Roberts, B. F., 1977/1978, ‘The Red Book of Hergest Version of Brut y Brenhinedd’, Studia Celtica 12–13, 147–86.

    Roberts, B. F., 2015, ‘Brut y Brenhinedd, ms. National Library of Wales, Llanstephan 1 Version’, in: Tétrel, H., & Veysseyre, G., eds., L’“Historia regum Britannie” et les “Bruts” en Europe, Tome I. Traductions, adaptations, réappropriations (XIIe–XVIe siècle), Paris, 71–80.

    Roberts, B. F., 2018, ‘A Web of Welsh Bruts’, in: Tétrel, H., & Veysseyre, G., eds., L’“Historia regum Britannie” et les “Bruts” en Europe, Tome II. Production, circulation et réception (XIIe–XVIe siècle), Paris, 147–68.

    Ronan, P., 2006, Aspects of Verbal Noun Constructions in Medieval Irish and Welsh With Reference to Similar Constructions in Basque, PhD Thesis. Maynooth.

    Ronan, P., 2012, ‘Development of Periphrastic Tense and Aspect Constructions in Irish and Welsh’, in: Davidse, K., Briban, T., Brems, L., Mortelmans, T., eds., Grammaticalization and Language Change. New Reflections, Amsterdam, 227–48. https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.130.09ron

    Rouveret, A., 1994, Syntaxe du gallois: principes généraux et typologie, Paris.

    Sasse, H.-J., 1987, ‘The Thetic/Categorical Distinction Revisited’, Linguistics 25, 511–80. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1987.25.3.511

    Scherschel, R., Widmer, P., & Poppe, E., 2018, ‘Towards a Multivariate Classification of Event-noun Constructions in Middle Welsh’, Journal of Celtic Linguistics 19, 31–68. https://doi.org/10.16922/jcl.19.3

    Schultze-Berndt, E. F., & Himmelmann, N. P., 2004, ‘Depictive secondary predicates in crosslinguistic perspective’, Linguistic Typology 8.1, 59–131. https://doi.org/10.1515/lity.2004.004

    Schumacher, S., 2000, The Historical Morphology of the Welsh Verbal Noun, Maynooth.

    Shisha-Halevy, A., 1999, ‘Structural Sketches of Middle Welsh Syntax (II)’, Studia Celtica 33, 155–234.

    Shisha-Halevy, A., 2009, ‘Converbs in Welsh and Irish. A Note’, in: Zimmer, S., ed., Kelten am Rhein. Akten des dreizehnten Internationalen Keltologiekongresses. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress of Celtic Studies. 23. bis 27. Juli 2007 in Bonn. Zweiter Teil. Philologie. Sprachen und Literaturen, Mainz, 269–77.

    Shisha-Halevy, A., 2016, ‘Work Notes on Modern Welsh Narrative Syntax (II): Presentatives in Narrative,’ Journal of Celtic Linguistics 17, 97–146.

    Sims-Williams, P., 2015, ‘The Four Types of Welsh yn’, Transactions of the Philological Society 113.3, 286–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.12052

    Sims-Williams, P., 2016, ‘The Welsh Versions of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s ‘History of the Kings of Britain’’, in: Harlos, A. & Harlos, N., eds., Adapting Texts and Styles in a Celtic Context, Münster, 53–74.

    Sturzer, N., 2001, ‘How Middle Welsh Expresses the Unexpected’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 41, 37–53.

    Williams, I., 1951, Pedeir Keinc Y Mabinogi. Allan o Lyfr Gwyn Rhydderch, Cardiff (2nd ed.).

    Willis, D. W. E., 1998, Syntactic Change in Welsh. A Study of the Loss of Verb-Second. Oxford.